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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wick-Theorem</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Wick-Theorem</b> ist eine Aussage der <a href="Quantenfeldtheorie" title="Quantenfeldtheorie">Quantenfeldtheorie</a>, die nach dem Physiker <a href="Gian-Carlo_Wick" title="Gian-Carlo Wick">Gian-Carlo Wick</a> benannt ist.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es erlaubt, den <a href="Vakuumerwartungswert" title="Vakuumerwartungswert">Vakuumerwartungswert</a> eines <a href="Zeitordnungsoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitordnungsoperator">zeitgeordneten</a> Produktes von Feldoperatoren als Summe von Vakuumerwartungswerten von Produkten mit jeweils zwei Feldoperatoren zu schreiben. Die Bedeutung des Wick-Theorems liegt insbesondere darin, dass bei der Berechnung von <a href="Streuamplitude" title="Streuamplitude">Streuamplituden</a> solche Produkte auftreten und durch das Wick-Theorem in eindeutiger Weise durch <a href="Feynman-Diagramm" title="Feynman-Diagramm">Feynman-Diagramme</a> veranschaulicht werden können.
</p><p>Das Wick-Theorem ist damit besonders hilfreich bei der systematischen Berechnung der <a href="Dyson-Reihe" title="Dyson-Reihe">Dyson-Reihe</a> für den Zeitentwicklungsoperator und damit auch für die Berechnung der <a href="S-Matrix" title="S-Matrix">S-Matrix</a> in beliebiger Ordnung der <a href="St%C3%B6rungstheorie_(Quantenfeldtheorie)" title="Störungstheorie (Quantenfeldtheorie)">Störungstheorie</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wick-Kontraktion">Wick-Kontraktion</h2></div>
<p>Die <b>Wick-Kontraktion</b> zweier <a href="Boson" title="Boson">bosonischer</a> Feldoperatoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> ist als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ^{\bullet }(x)\phi ^{\bullet }(y)={\begin{cases}\left[\phi ^{+}(x),\phi ^{-}(y)\right]&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}>y^{0}\\\left[\phi ^{+}(y),\phi ^{-}(x)\right]&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}<y^{0}\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
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<mo>]</mo>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn </mtext>
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<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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</msup>
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<msup>
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</msup>
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</mtr>
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<mtd>
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<mo>[</mo>
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<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>]</mo>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn </mtext>
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<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msup>
<mo><</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ^{\bullet }(x)\phi ^{\bullet }(y)={\begin{cases}\left[\phi ^{+}(x),\phi ^{-}(y)\right]&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}>y^{0}\\\left[\phi ^{+}(y),\phi ^{-}(x)\right]&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}<y^{0}\end{cases}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec45bf3a7cf2b9f80d9b54efdb2038ca97e23f1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:46.696ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ^{\bullet }(x)\phi ^{\bullet }(y)={\begin{cases}\left[\phi ^{+}(x),\phi ^{-}(y)\right]&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}>y^{0}\\\left[\phi ^{+}(y),\phi ^{-}(x)\right]&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}<y^{0}\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>definiert. Dabei ist die eckige Klammer der <a href="Kommutator_(Mathematik)" title="Kommutator (Mathematik)">Kommutator</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ^{\pm }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ^{\pm }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d37bf80f2965c6fdf0eeaa791eeebb35ceebe10c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.896ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ^{\pm }}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnen die Anteile positiver bzw. negativer Frequenz des Feldes, also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ^{+}(x)=\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{3}p}{(2\pi )^{3}}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\omega }}}a(p)e^{-\mathrm {i} px}\ ,\quad }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
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<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mn>3</mn>
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</msup>
<mi>p</mi>
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<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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</msup>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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</mfrac>
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<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi>p</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
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</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ^{+}(x)=\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{3}p}{(2\pi )^{3}}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\omega }}}a(p)e^{-\mathrm {i} px}\ ,\quad }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/069ecbfe776867354d000d1a76d4a9d745b9d50b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:35.866ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ^{+}(x)=\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{3}p}{(2\pi )^{3}}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\omega }}}a(p)e^{-\mathrm {i} px}\ ,\quad }" loading="lazy"></span> sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \quad \phi ^{-}(x)=\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{3}p}{(2\pi )^{3}}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\omega }}}a^{\dagger }(p)e^{\mathrm {i} px}\ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mn>3</mn>
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<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</msqrt>
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</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
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<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi>p</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
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</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \quad \phi ^{-}(x)=\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{3}p}{(2\pi )^{3}}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\omega }}}a^{\dagger }(p)e^{\mathrm {i} px}\ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/60d491adb448f0ece24411901f1b7dc6db732363.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:35.55ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \quad \phi ^{-}(x)=\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{3}p}{(2\pi )^{3}}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\omega }}}a^{\dagger }(p)e^{\mathrm {i} px}\ ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Erzeugungs-_und_Vernichtungsoperator" title="Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperator">Vernichtungsoperator</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
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</msup>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{\dagger }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab292dae7b377aefbd977dc19438b2b82da3303c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.192ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Erzeugungs-_und_Vernichtungsoperator" title="Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperator">Erzeugungsoperator</a> ist.
</p><p>Im Fall <a href="Fermion" title="Fermion">fermionischer</a> Feldoperatoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {\psi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {\psi }}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/890adebe2730294079a81b7bf08b2fe0f2c59909.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.596ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {\psi }}}" loading="lazy"></span> beinhaltet die Wick-Kontraktion ein zusätzliches Minuszeichen und den Antikommutator statt des Kommutators:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi ^{\bullet }(x){\bar {\psi }}^{\bullet }(y)={\begin{cases}\ \ \{\psi ^{+}(x),{\bar {\psi }}^{-}(y)\}&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}>y^{0}\ ,\\-\{{\bar {\psi }}^{+}(y),\psi ^{-}(x)\}&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}<y^{0}\ .\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn </mtext>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>></mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn </mtext>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo><</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi ^{\bullet }(x){\bar {\psi }}^{\bullet }(y)={\begin{cases}\ \ \{\psi ^{+}(x),{\bar {\psi }}^{-}(y)\}&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}>y^{0}\ ,\\-\{{\bar {\psi }}^{+}(y),\psi ^{-}(x)\}&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}<y^{0}\ .\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/16b94f2aa8d41776467d8d508cb0e7f351874fc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:51.569ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi ^{\bullet }(x){\bar {\psi }}^{\bullet }(y)={\begin{cases}\ \ \{\psi ^{+}(x),{\bar {\psi }}^{-}(y)\}&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}>y^{0}\ ,\\-\{{\bar {\psi }}^{+}(y),\psi ^{-}(x)\}&{\text{wenn }}x^{0}<y^{0}\ .\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit dieser Definition für die Kontraktion von fermionischen Feldern gelten alle folgenden Aussagen sowohl für Fermionen als auch für Bosonen.
</p><p>Der Vakuumerwartungswert einer Kontraktion zweier Feldoperatoren ist gleich dem Feynman-<a href="Propagator" title="Propagator">Propagator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{F}(x-y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{F}(x-y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/616b38ccc52faefbc97d382f88244e408fb9924c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.522ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{F}(x-y)}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Teilchens zwischen diesen beiden Raumzeitpunkten. Es gilt also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle 0|\phi ^{\bullet }(x)\phi ^{\bullet }(y)|0\rangle =D_{F}(x-y)\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle 0|\phi ^{\bullet }(x)\phi ^{\bullet }(y)|0\rangle =D_{F}(x-y)\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45cd2f172fbf65bfb3a5793857e312706e8df97b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.259ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle 0|\phi ^{\bullet }(x)\phi ^{\bullet }(y)|0\rangle =D_{F}(x-y)\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theorem">Theorem</h2></div>
<p>Das Wick-Theorem lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\left(\prod _{i}\phi _{i}\right)\ =\ {\frac {1}{0!}}:\!\prod _{i}\phi _{i}\!:+{\frac {1}{1!}}\sum _{i<j}(\phi _{i}^{\bullet }\phi _{j}^{\bullet })\ :\!\prod _{k\not \in \{i,j\}}\phi _{k}\!:+{\frac {1}{2!}}\sum _{i,j,k,l{\text{ paarweise verschieden}} \atop {\text{und }}i<j,\ k<l}\left((\phi _{i}^{\bullet }\phi _{j}^{\bullet })(\phi _{k}^{\bullet }\phi _{l}^{\bullet })\ :\!\prod _{m\not \in \{i,j,k,l\}}\phi _{m}\!:\right)+R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>=</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<munder>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<munder>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∉</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> paarweise verschieden</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>und </mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<munder>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>∉</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T\left(\prod _{i}\phi _{i}\right)\ =\ {\frac {1}{0!}}:\!\prod _{i}\phi _{i}\!:+{\frac {1}{1!}}\sum _{i<j}(\phi _{i}^{\bullet }\phi _{j}^{\bullet })\ :\!\prod _{k\not \in \{i,j\}}\phi _{k}\!:+{\frac {1}{2!}}\sum _{i,j,k,l{\text{ paarweise verschieden}} \atop {\text{und }}i<j,\ k<l}\left((\phi _{i}^{\bullet }\phi _{j}^{\bullet })(\phi _{k}^{\bullet }\phi _{l}^{\bullet })\ :\!\prod _{m\not \in \{i,j,k,l\}}\phi _{m}\!:\right)+R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63ceb43dc81cfbf8462ee2f78604b6db4c64495c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:113.151ex; height:9.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\left(\prod _{i}\phi _{i}\right)\ =\ {\frac {1}{0!}}:\!\prod _{i}\phi _{i}\!:+{\frac {1}{1!}}\sum _{i<j}(\phi _{i}^{\bullet }\phi _{j}^{\bullet })\ :\!\prod _{k\not \in \{i,j\}}\phi _{k}\!:+{\frac {1}{2!}}\sum _{i,j,k,l{\text{ paarweise verschieden}} \atop {\text{und }}i<j,\ k<l}\left((\phi _{i}^{\bullet }\phi _{j}^{\bullet })(\phi _{k}^{\bullet }\phi _{l}^{\bullet })\ :\!\prod _{m\not \in \{i,j,k,l\}}\phi _{m}\!:\right)+R}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein entsprechender Rest mit drei oder mehr Kontraktionen. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der <a href="Zeitordnungsoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitordnungsoperator">Zeitordnungsoperator</a> und die Notation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle :\!O\!:}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>O</mi>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle :\!O\!:}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63270bf9703c050870b27551842ad0b474c7359f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle :\!O\!:}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet die <a href="Normalordnung" title="Normalordnung">Normalordnung</a>, damit in diesem Ausdruck alle Erzeugungsoperatoren links von den Vernichtungsoperatoren stehen. Ferner wurde die Kurzschreibweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}=\phi (x_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{i}=\phi (x_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27645b51ae6f6104864bb74409088371309ce9f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.608ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}=\phi (x_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet. Die Faktoren mit den <a href="Fakult%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)" title="Fakultät (Mathematik)">Fakultäten</a> werden benötigt, weil in den Summen jeweils über mehrere identische Konfigurationen summiert wird. Die Reihenfolge der Feldoperatoren ist in den Termen nicht von Bedeutung, da Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperatoren jeweils untereinander vertauschen. Die Reihenfolge der Feldoperatoren wird auch durch die Zeitordnung und die Definition der Kontraktion festgelegt.
</p><p>Aus dem Wick-Theorem ergeben sich auch einige hilfreiche Formeln für den Vakuumerwartungswert des zeitgeordneten Produktes von Feldoperatoren, weil die Anwendung des Vernichtungsoperators auf den <a href="Vakuumzustand" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakuumzustand">Vakuumzustand</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |0\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed066a3ad158da0ad6d6a421a606b1c8a35eb95b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> verschwindet und damit auch der Vakuumerwartungswert eines jeden normalgeordneten Produkts von Feldoperatoren:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle 0|:\!\prod _{i}\phi _{i}\!:|0\rangle =0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle 0|:\!\prod _{i}\phi _{i}\!:|0\rangle =0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9635e477d173ae5cf39e1ad68dfb45b63b0aa198.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:18.331ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle 0|:\!\prod _{i}\phi _{i}\!:|0\rangle =0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Damit folgt, dass nur vollständig kontrahierte Ausdrücke im Vakuumerwartungswert von Null verschieden sind. Weil es für eine ungerade Anzahl an Feldoperatoren keine vollständig kontrahierten Ausdrücke geben kann, gilt also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle 0|T\left(\prod _{i=1}^{2n+1}\phi _{i}\right)|0\right\rangle =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle 0|T\left(\prod _{i=1}^{2n+1}\phi _{i}\right)|0\right\rangle =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cf255ae519924491e1cd519ffafe57908595e15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:24.199ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle 0|T\left(\prod _{i=1}^{2n+1}\phi _{i}\right)|0\right\rangle =0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Vakuumerwartungswert eines Produktes einer geraden Anzahl von Feldoperatoren lässt sich dagegen mittels des Wick-Theorems als Summe über ein Produkt von Feynman-Propagatoren darstellen. Bei dieser Summe ist jede Kombination von zwei Raumzeitpunkten genau einmal mit einem Propagator verbunden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Für vier Feldoperatoren ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T\left(\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\right)&=:\!\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{2}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{2}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\!:+(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{1}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{1}\phi _{3}\!:+(\phi _{3}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\!:\\&+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{2}^{\bullet })(\phi _{3}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet })+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet })(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet })+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet })(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet })\end{aligned}}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T\left(\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\right)&=:\!\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{2}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{2}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\!:+(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{1}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{1}\phi _{3}\!:+(\phi _{3}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\!:\\&+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{2}^{\bullet })(\phi _{3}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet })+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet })(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet })+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet })(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet })\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40be489437d424f239bf6d7650dac466769df356.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:127.222ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T\left(\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\right)&=:\!\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{2}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{2}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\!:+(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{1}\phi _{4}\!:+(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{1}\phi _{3}\!:+(\phi _{3}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet }):\!\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\!:\\&+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{2}^{\bullet })(\phi _{3}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet })+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet })(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet })+(\phi _{1}^{\bullet }\phi _{4}^{\bullet })(\phi _{2}^{\bullet }\phi _{3}^{\bullet })\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und bei Bildung des Vakuumerwartungswerts fallen alle Terme weg, die nicht vollständig kontrahiert sind. Im Beispiel sind das alle Terme der oberen Zeile. Somit gilt:
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle 0|T\left(\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\right)|0\right\rangle =D_{F}(x_{1}-x_{2})D_{F}(x_{3}-x_{4})+D_{F}(x_{1}-x_{3})D_{F}(x_{2}-x_{4})+D_{F}(x_{1}-x_{4})D_{F}(x_{2}-x_{3})}">
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<mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mrow>
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<mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle 0|T\left(\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\right)|0\right\rangle =D_{F}(x_{1}-x_{2})D_{F}(x_{3}-x_{4})+D_{F}(x_{1}-x_{3})D_{F}(x_{2}-x_{4})+D_{F}(x_{1}-x_{4})D_{F}(x_{2}-x_{3})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fcc742dc65f2a16a38c5d8c6e482c3d82d9cfcc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:105.015ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle 0|T\left(\phi _{1}\phi _{2}\phi _{3}\phi _{4}\right)|0\right\rangle =D_{F}(x_{1}-x_{2})D_{F}(x_{3}-x_{4})+D_{F}(x_{1}-x_{3})D_{F}(x_{2}-x_{4})+D_{F}(x_{1}-x_{4})D_{F}(x_{2}-x_{3})}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Quantenfeldtheorie" title="Quantenfeldtheorie">Quantenfeldtheorie</a></div>
<ul><li><a href="Michael_Peskin" title="Michael Peskin">Michael E. Peskin</a> und Daniel V. Schroeder: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory</cite>. Perseus Books, Reading 1995, ISBN 0-201-50397-2 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Wick-Theorem&rft.au=Michael+E.+Peskin+und+Daniel+V.+Schroeder&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Quantum+Field+Theory&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0201503972&rft.place=Reading&rft.pub=Perseus+Books" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Gabriele_K%C3%B6pp" title="Gabriele Köpp">Gabriele Köpp</a> und Frank Krüger: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Quanten-Elektrodynamik</cite>. Teubner Studienbücher, 1997, ISBN 3-519-03235-X.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Wick-Theorem&rft.au=Gabriele+K%C3%B6pp+und+Frank+Kr%C3%BCger&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Quanten-Elektrodynamik&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=351903235X&rft.pub=Teubner+Studienb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. C. Wick: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Evaluation of the Collision Matrix</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Physical Review</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>80</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 15. Oktober 1950, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220031-899X%22&key=cql">0031-899X</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>268–272</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.80.268">10.1103/PhysRev.80.268</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Wick-Theorem&rft.atitle=The+Evaluation+of+the+Collision+Matrix&rft.au=G.+C.+Wick&rft.date=1950-10-15&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRev.80.268&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0031-899X&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.pages=268-272&rft.volume=80" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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